Funded jointly by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and the Association for Health Care Quality, the NETT is a national, multi-center, randomized clinical trial of lung volume reduction surgery versus medical therapy for treatment of severe emphysema. Dr. Ramsey and colleagues were selected to perform the cost-effectiveness analysis component of this trial, evaluating the economic aspects of LVRS versus current, standard treatment.